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CHICAGO is in many ways the nation's last great city. Sarah Bernhardt
called it "the pulse of America" and, though long eclipsed
by Los Angeles as the nation's second most populous city after New
York, Chicago really does have it all, with less of the hassle and
infrastructural problems of its coastal rivals.
Founded in the early 1800s, Chicago grew up with the country, serving
as the main connection between the established east coast cities
and the wide open Wild West frontier. This position on the sharp
edge between civilization and wilderness made the city into a crucible
of innovation. Many aspects of modern life, from skyscrapers to
suburbia, had their start, and perhaps their finest expression,
here on the shores of Lake Michigan.
Despite burning to the ground in the legendary fire of 1871, Chicago
boomed thereafter, doubling in population every decade and reaching
two million around 1900, swollen by Irish and eastern European immigrants
(Chicago still has the largest Polish population in the world outside
Warsaw). In the early years of the twentieth century, it cemented
a reputation as a place of apparently limitless opportunity, with
jobs aplenty for those willing to work. The attraction was strongest
among Deep South blacks : from 1900 to 1920 African Americans poured
in, with more than 75,000 arriving during the war years of 1916-18
alone. Long hours, poor pay and squalid working conditions were
the catalysts that made Chicago the cradle of American trade unions
. By around 1900 most workers were organized under the American
Federation of Labor, and the 1894 Pullman strike saw black and white
workers unite for almost the first time in the US. As hostilities
intensified, the city's workers became the driving force behind
the left-wing "Wobblies." Chicago has also long been an
important center for black organization - both the Reverend Jesse
Jackson's Operation PUSH (People United to Save Humanity) and the
more militant Nation of Islam , founded by Elijah Mohammed in the
1940s, have their national headquarters on the city's South Side.
During the Roaring Twenties, Chicago's self-image as a no-holds-barred
free market was pushed to the limit by a new breed of entrepreneur.
Criminal syndicates, ruthlessly and brazenly run by the likes of
gangsters like Al Capone and Bugsy Moran, took advantage of Prohibition
to sell bootleg alcohol. Shootouts in the street between sharp-suited,
Tommy-gun-wielding mobsters were not as common as legend would have
it, but the backroom dealing and iron-handed control they pioneered
was later perfected by politicians such as former mayor Richard
Daley - father of the present mayor - who ran Chicago single-handedly
from the 1950s until his death in 1976. His brutal handling of antiwar
demonstrators at the 1968 Democratic convention remains notorious.
These days, the tourist authorities play down the mobster era; few
traces of the hoodlum years exist, and those that do owe more to
Hollywood than contemporary Chicago.
Today, Chicago's towering skyline - the city has one of the world's
best collections of modern architecture , from Frank Lloyd Wright
houses to the 110-story Sears Tower - dominates the pancake-flat
prairies for hundreds of miles around. Chicago's status as the cultural
and financial heart of middle America is beyond question. The Loop
downtown holds the head offices of many major US companies and some
of the nation's most important commodity markets , which together
handle the buying and selling of one-third of the world's agricultural
and industrial products.
For visitors, Chicago offers the Art Institute of Chicago and a
wide range of excellent museums (many of which have one day of free
admission per week), restaurants, sports and highbrow cultural activities.
However, its strongest suit is live music , with a phenomenal array
of jazz and blues clubs packed into the back rooms of its amiable
bars and cafés. The rock scene is also one of the healthiest
in the country with a prolific number of bands having come out of
the city in the 1990s, including Smashing Pumpkins, Material Issue,
Veruca Salt and Wilco. And almost everything is noticeably less
expensive than in other US cities - eating out , for example, costs
much less than in New York or LA, but is every bit as good. Though
locals might deny it, the city has a surprisingly low-key and generally
welcoming population - Chicagoans on the whole are proud of their
city and usually keen to point out its best features. Two great
ways to get a real feel for the city are to head out to ivy-covered
Wrigley Field on a sunny summer afternoon to catch baseball's Cubs
in action, or take a cruise boat under the bridges of the Chicago
River at sunset.
Chicago is an easy city to negotiate: streets form a grid and numbering
is consistent, beginning at State and Madison streets. State Street
- "that great street" in Sinatra's song - is at zero east
and west and Madison at zero north and south. Lake Michigan , which
provides Chicago with some of its most attractive open space (twenty
miles of lakeshore lie within the city limits), serves as a clear
point of reference for getting your bearings - the lake is always
to the east of the urban grid. Michigan Avenue is the city's main
thoroughfare, running between the lakeside museums and parklands,
the densely packed skyscrapers of downtown and the diverse low-rise
neighborhoods that spread to the north, south and west. It's here
that you might experience the full force of "The Hawk,"
the nickname given to the strong wind that blows off the lake. The
nickname " Windy City " was coined by a New York newspaper
editor describing the boastful claims of the city's promoters when
pitching for the World's Columbian exhibition of 1893. The Chicago
River , which cuts through the heart of downtown Chicago to Lake
Michigan, separates the business district from the shopping and
entertainment areas of the North Side. The latter include the upscale
Near North and Gold Coast neighborhoods and the artists' lofts and
galleries of River North , plus the modestly charming area of Old
Town , the young professional enclaves of Lincoln Park Wrigleyville
and Lakeview and hip Wicker Park .
In contrast to the wealth and prosperity of the North Side, the
deprived South Side is more like New York's South Bronx: a huge
and, in places, desperately poor expanse with a justifiably dangerous
reputation. But while large areas are definitely unsafe after dark
and dodgy even at midday, a few corners of the South Side are well
worth visiting - particularly the Gothic campus of the University
of Chicago , and neighboring Hyde Park , site of the Museum of Science
and Industry - one of the largest and most popular museums in the
US. Apart from Oak Park to the west, which holds the childhood home
of Ernest Hemingway and more than a dozen well-maintained examples
of the influential architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright , suburban
Chicago has little to offer.
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